Sholnn Freeman
Washington Post Staff Writer
Friday, February 13, 2009; 1:44 AM
Authorities say 49 people are dead after a regional commuter plane, carrying at least 44 passengers and 4 crew members, crashed into a home in suburban Clarence, N.Y., near the Buffalo Niagara International Airport.
State police spokeswoman Rebecca Gibbons confirmed early Friday the 48 deaths aboard Continental Connection flight 3407, operated by Manassas, Va.-based Colgan Air.
Clarence emergency control director Dave Bissonet says the crash also killed one person on the ground.
The airplane, a Bombardier Dash 8 Q400, apparently was set to land on a specified runway at the airport under weather conditions that include light snow. Video from local television reports showed fire fighters battling blazes at a crash site. The flight was bound to Buffalo from Newark's Liberty International Airport.
The National Transportation Safety Board is preparing a team of investigators to leave from the Washington region at 6 a.m.
Colgan Air, is a subsidiary of Pinnacle Airlines. Colgan operates planes under the Continental Connection, United Express and US Airways Express names. It has operations in Boston, Houston, New York, Pittsburgh and Washington, D.C.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
Friday, February 13, 2009
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
Geography --(Humanities)
Geography:
Geography is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena.A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena, area studies, study of man-land relationship, and research in earth sciences. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities-- not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches - human geography and physical geography.
The Introduction:
----
Traditionally, geographers have been viewed the same way as cartographers and people who study place names and numbers. Although many geographers are trained in toponymy and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the spatial and temporal distribution of phenomena, processes and feature as well as the interaction of humans and their environment.[5] As space and place affect a variety of topics such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary.
“ mere names of places...are not geography... know by heart a whole gazetteer full of them would not, in itself, constitute anyone a geographer. Geography has higher aims than this: it seeks to classify phenomena (alike of the natural and of the political world, in so far as it treats of the latter), to compare, to generalize, to ascend from effects to causes, and, in doing so, to trace out the great laws of nature and to mark their influences upon man. This is 'a description of the world'—that is Geography. In a word Geography is a Science—a thing not of mere names but of argument and reason, of cause and effect. ”
Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields: human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation & life, soil, water, and landforms are produced and interact.As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans.
Geography is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena.A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena, area studies, study of man-land relationship, and research in earth sciences. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities-- not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches - human geography and physical geography.
The Introduction:
----
Traditionally, geographers have been viewed the same way as cartographers and people who study place names and numbers. Although many geographers are trained in toponymy and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the spatial and temporal distribution of phenomena, processes and feature as well as the interaction of humans and their environment.[5] As space and place affect a variety of topics such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary.
“ mere names of places...are not geography... know by heart a whole gazetteer full of them would not, in itself, constitute anyone a geographer. Geography has higher aims than this: it seeks to classify phenomena (alike of the natural and of the political world, in so far as it treats of the latter), to compare, to generalize, to ascend from effects to causes, and, in doing so, to trace out the great laws of nature and to mark their influences upon man. This is 'a description of the world'—that is Geography. In a word Geography is a Science—a thing not of mere names but of argument and reason, of cause and effect. ”
Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields: human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation & life, soil, water, and landforms are produced and interact.As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans.
Monday, February 9, 2009
Submarine SMASH Day Reflection
Summarize --
-- What did we do for SMASH Day?
-- What was your mission?
-- What supplies were you given?
Today is SMASH Day,
And in science class we did a lot of things we use 1 hour to make a thing and to make a thing is that the teacher BIG BIG BIG PANDA Smith will out a box on the table and the table is water we can't go thorugh it on the top of the water and Ms. Smith will put some stuff in the box and we need to try to know what that is but we can't look it and can't go up above the water (Table) s we need to try to make a thing to make us can see the thing in the box and there is one hour if you can't finish you have to give up but if everyone done with no cheating we can have no homework free day hahaha:):) yeah so cool I know... and we have some things only can help us to see those thing. It's really fun!!! and the last I wanna say
----
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
COOL~
-- What did we do for SMASH Day?
-- What was your mission?
-- What supplies were you given?
Today is SMASH Day,
And in science class we did a lot of things we use 1 hour to make a thing and to make a thing is that the teacher BIG BIG BIG PANDA Smith will out a box on the table and the table is water we can't go thorugh it on the top of the water and Ms. Smith will put some stuff in the box and we need to try to know what that is but we can't look it and can't go up above the water (Table) s we need to try to make a thing to make us can see the thing in the box and there is one hour if you can't finish you have to give up but if everyone done with no cheating we can have no homework free day hahaha:):) yeah so cool I know... and we have some things only can help us to see those thing. It's really fun!!! and the last I wanna say
----
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
We All Live in a Yellow Submarine
COOL~
Sunday, February 8, 2009
Religions -- Question
Why do we have religions?
In today's world and throughout history, religion has played a predominant role in the affairs of men and women and the groups with which they associate. Probably more than any other single factor, religion has had an influence which far outweighs virtually everything else. The manner in which people have lived their lives, fought their wars, sought peace and tried to pursue happiness have all been heavily influenced by the religious dictates of the time and place in which these people have lived.
But is religion really needed for such pursuits as happiness, sociability, war and peace? Are there, perhaps, better alternatives?
On the most basic level anyone professing to the beliefs and lifestyles of any religion must ultimately ask the question: Why have religion? What justifies its existence, especially in lieu of having other alternative devices with which we might prefer to use in order to motivate ourselves and to create our own reality? One might even question the role religion might ideally play within a society which claims to be civilized or humane. Ultimately, it comes down to the most fundamental (pardon the pun) of questions: Why even bother with religion?
----
"Religion is one of the most powerful social phenomena in the world. It guides nations, wars, societies, even whole eras; it has catalyzed climactic moments in history. As such, it should be studied -- and thoroughly. Religions hinge on truth claims, usually embodied in texts and carried out through social practices and belief sets that are often highly institutionalized and structured. The texts, truth claims, belief sets, and structures of religion can and should all be put to the sort of tests to which other institutionalized phenomena are subject, namely: tests for internal logical consistency in belief sets, tests of corroboration for truth claims, and examinations of the efficacy of institutions and other structures within the boundaries of religions. We do this with ideologies in political science. We do this with theories in economics. We do this with nontheistic philosophies. Scholarly integrity and academic honesty demand that the same level of criticism be employed for religions and their institutions as for other social phenomena." [6]
One reason such a question is asked is that bloody and horrific wars have been fought over religious differences. This is the case wherein essentially the fundamentalists of one sect or cult were arrayed against the fundamentalists of another sect or cult, and a whole host of seemingly innocent people invariably got in harm's way. The fact that the higher ranking members of either fundamentalist sect or cult pretty much escaped the ravages of wars and devastation they were so instrumental in initiating, proliferating, or profiting thereby is... well... another matter altogether.
More Information Please go:
( http://www.halexandria.org/dward838.htm )
Why is where important?
Information from:
( http://blogs.murdoch.edu.au/juliah/2008/07/30/hello-world/ )
This is the ‘where’ of this blog which then sits or floats in the ether of th internet all of which is tenuously anchored through this keyboard and computer, which makes my sense of location difficult.
Part of the assumption that I have about thinking is that context (and therefore location) is primary in giving the thoughts and ideas a flavour or an aroma. For thoughts to come alive and spring off this page then i as writer and you as reader must have a sense of the historical, social, economic context in which these ideas exist. Is the internet a medium that works against this or with it? Or does it have no impact in this regard?
Information from:
( http://ezinearticles.com/?Why-Is-Where-You-Want-To-Go-Important-To-You?&id=703686 )
Are you where you want to be? Given the number of self improvement books to self improvement websites, the answer to that question for many people is probably Not.
Before you can answer the question are you where you want to be, you must first know where are you. Think for a moment when you ask for directions. What is the first response that you get from the person giving you the directions? That’s right, where are you now?
Until you can determine where you are now, you cannot make any plans to go to where you want to be. When you know where you are, you then can begin to also build why is it important to you not to be where you are any longer.
So where are you right now? Several years ago I constructed a personal life wheel that had 8 sections. Each section counterbalanced the section opposite.
* Mental and Health
* Career and Financial
* Family and Social
* Purpose and Spirituality or Ethics & Values
Take some time right now and draw a circle. Divided the circle into 8 sections or 8 pieces of pie. Then label the first section you select as Mental. Label the section immediately opposite Health. Complete the wheel using the remaining sections as noted above.
Then, using the center of the circle as zero, start assessing or evaluating your own sense of happiness. The outer rim of the circle represents 100% happiness or satisfaction. Fill each section from the inside out toward the outer rim of the circle.
Upon completion, make a heavy line that connects all the sections together. Then, strip away the outer rim of the original circle. Now ask yourself, this simple question:
Am I going to have a smooth ride or a bumpy ride as I travel down the road of life? If you are like most, myself included, you will be probably having a bumpy ride.
Now that you know where you are, you can begin to construction a Goals Action Plan to smooth out the bumps. As your goals are achieved within each section, your Life Wheel becomes more balanced. Better balance increases efficiency as well as speed.
The Goals Action Plan is only one aspect of helping you to discover the importance of where you are going. Attitudes and Self Leadership skills (strong interpersonal skills) are also part of this self assessment.
When you understand the why of where you are going, you can get to there where much easier. So before you start a journey of self improvement, find out where you are currently and why you want go grow forward toward success.
If you want more information about Goals, Attitudes and Self Leadership, you may be interested in Three Missing Pieces of Organizational & Personal Success. Visit http://www.processspecialist.com/e-books.htm to learn more about this combination e book and e work book.
Call me, Leanne Hoagland-Smith, The Business Coach, at 219.759.5601 or visit at http://www.processspecialist.com to explore everything from how my solutions double results to articles and resources including the Simply Speaking series.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Leanne_Hoagland-Smith
In today's world and throughout history, religion has played a predominant role in the affairs of men and women and the groups with which they associate. Probably more than any other single factor, religion has had an influence which far outweighs virtually everything else. The manner in which people have lived their lives, fought their wars, sought peace and tried to pursue happiness have all been heavily influenced by the religious dictates of the time and place in which these people have lived.
But is religion really needed for such pursuits as happiness, sociability, war and peace? Are there, perhaps, better alternatives?
On the most basic level anyone professing to the beliefs and lifestyles of any religion must ultimately ask the question: Why have religion? What justifies its existence, especially in lieu of having other alternative devices with which we might prefer to use in order to motivate ourselves and to create our own reality? One might even question the role religion might ideally play within a society which claims to be civilized or humane. Ultimately, it comes down to the most fundamental (pardon the pun) of questions: Why even bother with religion?
----
"Religion is one of the most powerful social phenomena in the world. It guides nations, wars, societies, even whole eras; it has catalyzed climactic moments in history. As such, it should be studied -- and thoroughly. Religions hinge on truth claims, usually embodied in texts and carried out through social practices and belief sets that are often highly institutionalized and structured. The texts, truth claims, belief sets, and structures of religion can and should all be put to the sort of tests to which other institutionalized phenomena are subject, namely: tests for internal logical consistency in belief sets, tests of corroboration for truth claims, and examinations of the efficacy of institutions and other structures within the boundaries of religions. We do this with ideologies in political science. We do this with theories in economics. We do this with nontheistic philosophies. Scholarly integrity and academic honesty demand that the same level of criticism be employed for religions and their institutions as for other social phenomena." [6]
One reason such a question is asked is that bloody and horrific wars have been fought over religious differences. This is the case wherein essentially the fundamentalists of one sect or cult were arrayed against the fundamentalists of another sect or cult, and a whole host of seemingly innocent people invariably got in harm's way. The fact that the higher ranking members of either fundamentalist sect or cult pretty much escaped the ravages of wars and devastation they were so instrumental in initiating, proliferating, or profiting thereby is... well... another matter altogether.
More Information Please go:
( http://www.halexandria.org/dward838.htm )
Why is where important?
Information from:
( http://blogs.murdoch.edu.au/juliah/2008/07/30/hello-world/ )
This is the ‘where’ of this blog which then sits or floats in the ether of th internet all of which is tenuously anchored through this keyboard and computer, which makes my sense of location difficult.
Part of the assumption that I have about thinking is that context (and therefore location) is primary in giving the thoughts and ideas a flavour or an aroma. For thoughts to come alive and spring off this page then i as writer and you as reader must have a sense of the historical, social, economic context in which these ideas exist. Is the internet a medium that works against this or with it? Or does it have no impact in this regard?
Information from:
( http://ezinearticles.com/?Why-Is-Where-You-Want-To-Go-Important-To-You?&id=703686 )
Are you where you want to be? Given the number of self improvement books to self improvement websites, the answer to that question for many people is probably Not.
Before you can answer the question are you where you want to be, you must first know where are you. Think for a moment when you ask for directions. What is the first response that you get from the person giving you the directions? That’s right, where are you now?
Until you can determine where you are now, you cannot make any plans to go to where you want to be. When you know where you are, you then can begin to also build why is it important to you not to be where you are any longer.
So where are you right now? Several years ago I constructed a personal life wheel that had 8 sections. Each section counterbalanced the section opposite.
* Mental and Health
* Career and Financial
* Family and Social
* Purpose and Spirituality or Ethics & Values
Take some time right now and draw a circle. Divided the circle into 8 sections or 8 pieces of pie. Then label the first section you select as Mental. Label the section immediately opposite Health. Complete the wheel using the remaining sections as noted above.
Then, using the center of the circle as zero, start assessing or evaluating your own sense of happiness. The outer rim of the circle represents 100% happiness or satisfaction. Fill each section from the inside out toward the outer rim of the circle.
Upon completion, make a heavy line that connects all the sections together. Then, strip away the outer rim of the original circle. Now ask yourself, this simple question:
Am I going to have a smooth ride or a bumpy ride as I travel down the road of life? If you are like most, myself included, you will be probably having a bumpy ride.
Now that you know where you are, you can begin to construction a Goals Action Plan to smooth out the bumps. As your goals are achieved within each section, your Life Wheel becomes more balanced. Better balance increases efficiency as well as speed.
The Goals Action Plan is only one aspect of helping you to discover the importance of where you are going. Attitudes and Self Leadership skills (strong interpersonal skills) are also part of this self assessment.
When you understand the why of where you are going, you can get to there where much easier. So before you start a journey of self improvement, find out where you are currently and why you want go grow forward toward success.
If you want more information about Goals, Attitudes and Self Leadership, you may be interested in Three Missing Pieces of Organizational & Personal Success. Visit http://www.processspecialist.com/e-books.htm to learn more about this combination e book and e work book.
Call me, Leanne Hoagland-Smith, The Business Coach, at 219.759.5601 or visit at http://www.processspecialist.com to explore everything from how my solutions double results to articles and resources including the Simply Speaking series.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Leanne_Hoagland-Smith
Mesopotamia and Egypt
Mesopotamia:
Ancient Mesopotamian civilization started in, what we called today, the Fertile Crescent. It started from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. It got it's name because the soil there was rich and shaped like a crescent. It's between the Tigris and the Euphrates River.
Origins of Mesopotamia Civilization:
The first people who came to Mesopotamia are the Sumerians.
-----
Egypt:
By the Paleolithic Period, 1.8 million years ago, hunter-gathers started settling in the Nile Valley. This is where the Egyptian Civilization started.
The Important Historical Events:
In the Early Dynastic Period, 3150 BC, the first pharaohs appeared and consolidated their control of lower Egypt by making their capital Memphis. Then the Old Kingdom came, and there were many progresses in architecture, technology and administration.
Ancient Mesopotamian civilization started in, what we called today, the Fertile Crescent. It started from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. It got it's name because the soil there was rich and shaped like a crescent. It's between the Tigris and the Euphrates River.
Origins of Mesopotamia Civilization:
The first people who came to Mesopotamia are the Sumerians.
-----
Egypt:
By the Paleolithic Period, 1.8 million years ago, hunter-gathers started settling in the Nile Valley. This is where the Egyptian Civilization started.
The Important Historical Events:
In the Early Dynastic Period, 3150 BC, the first pharaohs appeared and consolidated their control of lower Egypt by making their capital Memphis. Then the Old Kingdom came, and there were many progresses in architecture, technology and administration.
Tuesday, February 3, 2009
Phil Predicts Another Six Weeks of Winter
· The world's most famous groundhog saw his shadow yesterday, predicting that winter will last for six more weeks.
The annual ritual in the Pennsylvania town of Punxsutawney took place just after dawn on a tiny hill called Gobbler's Knob when the groundhog named Phil emerged in front of an estimated 13,000 witnesses.
According to legend, if a hibernating animal wakes up and casts a shadow on Feb. 2, winter will last six more weeks. If there is no shadow, spring will supposedly come early.
Early American farmers relied on groundhogs, though there is no scientific evidence that the animal has any weather-predicting skills.
Brrrrrrrrrrrrrr!!!
· Would you ever consider taking a swim in water that was only about 40 degrees?
Well, on Sunday, more than 2,700 people did just that in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware.
These folks -- including Delaware Gov. Jack Markell -- took the chilly plunge in the Atlantic Ocean to raise money for Special Olympics.
This year about $490,000 was raised for the state's program, which provides sports training and competition for people with disabilities.
The annual ritual in the Pennsylvania town of Punxsutawney took place just after dawn on a tiny hill called Gobbler's Knob when the groundhog named Phil emerged in front of an estimated 13,000 witnesses.
According to legend, if a hibernating animal wakes up and casts a shadow on Feb. 2, winter will last six more weeks. If there is no shadow, spring will supposedly come early.
Early American farmers relied on groundhogs, though there is no scientific evidence that the animal has any weather-predicting skills.
Brrrrrrrrrrrrrr!!!
· Would you ever consider taking a swim in water that was only about 40 degrees?
Well, on Sunday, more than 2,700 people did just that in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware.
These folks -- including Delaware Gov. Jack Markell -- took the chilly plunge in the Atlantic Ocean to raise money for Special Olympics.
This year about $490,000 was raised for the state's program, which provides sports training and competition for people with disabilities.
Many Kids Don't Need the Vitamins They're Taking
MONDAY, Feb. 2 (HealthDay News) -- Many healthy U.S. children and teenagers may be popping vitamins and mineral supplements they don't need, researchers report.
The experts note that vitamin and mineral supplements are not considered necessary when a person eats a varied diet.
On the other hand, children who actually need these supplements -- those with poorer nutrition, less physical activity, and from low-income households -- may not be getting the dosage of vitamins and minerals they require, according to researchers reporting in the February issue of the Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine.
For its part, the supplements industry views the findings as a "call to action" to get vitamin and mineral supplements to this underserved population, said Duffy MacKay, vice president of scientific and regulatory affairs at the Center for Responsible Nutrition, in Washington, D.C.
The American Academy of Pediatrics does not recommend supplemental vitamins for most children over the age of 1. The supplements are recommended for children with chronic diseases, eating disorders and certain other conditions.
In fact, supplement overdose or poisoning can be an issue, especially in younger (2-to-4-year-olds) children; overdoses can lead to vomiting, or to more serious problems such as kidney or liver damage.
"We were curious about why certain parents may choose to use over-the-counter multivitamin supplements for children, and some might not," said study author Dr. Ulfat Shaikh, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of California Davis School of Medicine and pediatrician at UC Davis Children's Hospital. "We hypothesized that supplements might be used to reduce adverse effects if parents thought their child wasn't eating right or were wondering where their next meal was coming from."
The authors reviewed data on vitamin and mineral supplementation as well as diet, exercise and health insurance factors on almost 11,000 children and adolescents aged 2 to 17 from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
About a third (34 percent) of young people had used vitamin and mineral supplements in the month before being interviewed.
As expected, underweight children used vitamins and minerals the most.
Surprisingly, however, these supplements were more likely to be consumed by children who did not need them as much, i.e. white children from families with higher incomes, more food security and, overall, better nutrition and physical activity levels. Thirty-seven percent of these children (who were also less likely to be obese) took vitamins, compared to 28 percent of those in less privileged situations.
Cost seems to be the biggest obstacle to lower-income households adding supplements to their children's diet, the team found.
"One of the things that we thought was responsible for this was the possibility that income and parental education status might override other factors," Shaikh said.
And, indeed, the data showed that 22 percent of children in households below the federal poverty line used vitamins, compared with 43 percent in households above the poverty line.
Thirty-eight percent of children in households without food stamps used vitamins, compared with 18 percent of youngsters in households that did use food stamps.
The Center for Responsible Nutrition has been lobbying to get vitamins and mineral supplementation covered by the food stamp program and WIC (Women Infants Children), Duffy said.
The experts note that vitamin and mineral supplements are not considered necessary when a person eats a varied diet.
On the other hand, children who actually need these supplements -- those with poorer nutrition, less physical activity, and from low-income households -- may not be getting the dosage of vitamins and minerals they require, according to researchers reporting in the February issue of the Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine.
For its part, the supplements industry views the findings as a "call to action" to get vitamin and mineral supplements to this underserved population, said Duffy MacKay, vice president of scientific and regulatory affairs at the Center for Responsible Nutrition, in Washington, D.C.
The American Academy of Pediatrics does not recommend supplemental vitamins for most children over the age of 1. The supplements are recommended for children with chronic diseases, eating disorders and certain other conditions.
In fact, supplement overdose or poisoning can be an issue, especially in younger (2-to-4-year-olds) children; overdoses can lead to vomiting, or to more serious problems such as kidney or liver damage.
"We were curious about why certain parents may choose to use over-the-counter multivitamin supplements for children, and some might not," said study author Dr. Ulfat Shaikh, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of California Davis School of Medicine and pediatrician at UC Davis Children's Hospital. "We hypothesized that supplements might be used to reduce adverse effects if parents thought their child wasn't eating right or were wondering where their next meal was coming from."
The authors reviewed data on vitamin and mineral supplementation as well as diet, exercise and health insurance factors on almost 11,000 children and adolescents aged 2 to 17 from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
About a third (34 percent) of young people had used vitamin and mineral supplements in the month before being interviewed.
As expected, underweight children used vitamins and minerals the most.
Surprisingly, however, these supplements were more likely to be consumed by children who did not need them as much, i.e. white children from families with higher incomes, more food security and, overall, better nutrition and physical activity levels. Thirty-seven percent of these children (who were also less likely to be obese) took vitamins, compared to 28 percent of those in less privileged situations.
Cost seems to be the biggest obstacle to lower-income households adding supplements to their children's diet, the team found.
"One of the things that we thought was responsible for this was the possibility that income and parental education status might override other factors," Shaikh said.
And, indeed, the data showed that 22 percent of children in households below the federal poverty line used vitamins, compared with 43 percent in households above the poverty line.
Thirty-eight percent of children in households without food stamps used vitamins, compared with 18 percent of youngsters in households that did use food stamps.
The Center for Responsible Nutrition has been lobbying to get vitamins and mineral supplementation covered by the food stamp program and WIC (Women Infants Children), Duffy said.
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